Black History
Here is the Place Where History Sat
The individual names of the nine Black students who enrolled at all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas 62 years ago may not readily come to mind, but the impact of their collective courage is still recognized around the world. Decades later, the Little Rock Nine remain among the icons of the Civil Rights Movement especially on September 25th, the day the teenagers arrived at Central High escorted by the Army’s 101st Airborne Division.
The students had attempted to desegregate the school earlier that September but were prevented from doing so by the National Guard which had been called in by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, a staunch segregationist. There were hundreds of angry white protesters as the students arrived on September 4th accompanied by a coalition of ministers. Elizabeth Eckford, one of the teenagers, had not been informed of the plan because she and her family did not have a telephone. Elizabeth went to school that morning alone, and what she faced is seared into the minds of millions through a photo that captured the angry, jeering mob.
In a 1997 interview with Facing History and Ourselves, Eckford shared the following:
“On the morning of September 4th, my mother was doing what she usually did. My mother was making sure everybody’s hair looked right and everybody had their lunch money and their notebooks and things. But she did finally get quiet and we had family prayer. I remember my father walking back and forth. My father worked at night and normally he would have been asleep at that time, but he was awake and he was walking back and forth chomping on cigar that wasn’t lit.”
“I expected that I would go to school as before on a city bus. So, I walked a few blocks to the bus stop, got on the bus, and rode to within two blocks of the school. I got off the bus and I noticed along the street that there were many more cars than usual. And I remember hearing the murmur of a crowd. But, when I got to the corner where the school was, I was reassured seeing these soldiers circling the school grounds. And I saw students going to school. I saw the guards break ranks as students approached the sidewalks so that they could pass through to get to school. And I approached the guard at the corner as I had seen some other students do and they closed ranks. So, I thought; ‘Maybe I am not supposed to enter at this point.’ So, I walked further down the line of guards to where there was another sidewalk and I attempted to pass through there. But when I stepped up, they crossed rifles. And again I said to myself; ‘So maybe I’m supposed to go down to where the main entrance is.’ So, I walked toward the center of the street and when I got to about the middle and I approached the guard he directed me across the street into the crowd. It was only then that I realized that they were barring me, that I wouldn’t go to school.”
Later that month Eckford and the other students integrated Central High, but it was only after President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troopers to Little Rock to escort them.
Last year students at Central High School along with the Central High Memory Project, the Little Rock Central High School National Historic Project and others dedicated the Elizabeth Eckford Commemorative Bench. The bench is a replica of the original bench where Eckford sat on September 4th as she sought a place to retreat from the mob.
Elizabeth Eckford, Minnijean Brown, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Melba Patillo, Gloria Ray, Terrence Roberts, and Carlotta Walls are eight of the Little Rock Nine and are still living. Jefferson Thomas passed away in 2010 from pancreatic cancer. Daisy Gaston Bates, the then-NAACP President for Arkansas and chaperone of the teenagers, is also deceased.
Black History
Why the Statue of Liberty Sculptor Placed A Chain at Its Feet Instead of in the Left Hand
One of America’s most iconic landmarks includes an homage to slavery, and the little known
fact is raising eyebrows as Black Americans observe the Juneteenth and the Fourth of July
holidays.
The Statue of Liberty has stood on Liberty Island in New York Harbor as a “symbol of enlightenment … lighting the way to freedom and down the path of liberty” for 139 years. But few Americans are aware that a chain rests at the feet, and the original drawings reportedly placed them in the left hand of the statue.
When Frenchman Edouard de Laboulaye – an abolitionist – proposed presenting the statue to the United States as a gift from the people of France, sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi agreed with Laboulaye’s goodwill gesture and began to conceptualize the idea for the monument. Both men wanted to recognize the end of slavery, and Bartholdi had intended to place a chain in the statue’s left hand to represent the end of slavery and oppression.
Instead, he placed them at her feet to symbolize liberty breaking free from bondage.
During a recent interview, Dr. Joy DeGruy – an internationally known researcher and educator – stunned many African Americans with the background about the original drawings which triggered her reluctance to visit Liberty Island when a friend, who managed New York’s landmarks for the Interior Department, invited her.
DeGruy said, “When I go there, I’m going there with the knowledge that the Statue of Liberty was holding originally in her left hand broken chains – commissioned in 1865, a pretty important date – end of slavery, end of the Civil War, all of the things were why she was the Statue of Liberty.”
DeGruy recalled that she and her friend went “into the basement of the Statue of Liberty, and we find the document encased in glass behind figurines facing a wall in the hallway.”
Batholdi, the sculptor, had apparently encountered resistance to his idea of placing the chains in the left hand, which would have been a more visible display, but he insisted that the chains remain a part of the statue.
“The agreement was, ‘We will keep the chains, but we’ll make it so no one can see them,’” DeGruy explained.
According to The Statue of Liberty website, “To symbolize the end of slavery, Bartholdi placed a broken shackle and chains at the Statue’s foot.”
After DeGruy’s discovery and frustration that the chains were not mentioned during tours, she began to tell the story of the chain at the feet of the Statue of Liberty. Eventually, she said she received a call from the Interior Department’s staff, and they apologized, adding, “We have been negligent.”
Now, when tourists visit the Statue of Liberty, the park rangers include information about the chain and their significance.
President Donald Trump signed an executive order that will provide support for Historically Black Colleges and Universities and establish a White House Initiative on HBCUs to “deliver high-quality education to a growing number of students.”
According to the White House, the Initiative will help develop private-sector partnerships, institutional development and workforce preparation in technology, health care, manufacturing and finance.
The president and CEO of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, Dr. Harry L. Williams said, “Today’s executive order serves as strong reaffirmation of President Trump’s support of investment of historically Black colleges and universities. This executive order should serve as a call-to-action for corporations, foundations, members of Congress and state lawmakers to redouble their efforts to support HBCUs and their students. TMCF looks forward to continued engagement with the administration and Congress to deliver results for HBCUs and the students they serve via appropriations and other legislative actions.”
On the same day, Trump signed another executive order that removes safeguards for African American schoolchildren by eliminating an Obama-era initiative to protect Black schoolchildren from excessive disciplinary action.
During the Obama administration, the first Black president’s administration created guidelines that sought to prevent school discipline from having a disproportionate effect on minority students. Trump revoked the civil rights initiative during his first term and Biden did not formally restore it.
At his signing today, Trump said his decision was especially important to the current Education Secretary Linda McMahon, who held the signed order.
“Under the Biden-Harris Administration, schools were forced to consider equity and inclusion when imposing discipline,” McMahon said in a statement. “Their policies placed racial equity quotas over student safety – encouraging schools to turn a blind eye to poor or violent behavior in the name of inclusion.”
She added, “Disciplinary decisions should be based solely on students’ behavior and actions.
Studies show that Black students are punished more often than their white counterparts.
The I.R.S. Moves to Allow Churches to Endorse Political Candidates, Ending A Decades-long Ban
Why the Statue of Liberty Sculptor Placed A Chain at Its Feet Instead of in the Left Hand
Trump Signs Executive Orders That Will Impact HBCUs and Black Schoolchildren
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