Black History
What Spring 2020 Has in Common with Plessy v. Ferguson
After the last few days of the pandemic, who remembers what Punxsutawney Phil predicted about Spring. The calendar says Spring started March 19 which is the earliest vernal equinox since 1896 , and what a year that was for Black Americans.
“Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens,” Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan stated.
Harlan was the only Justice who espoused that philosophy in May 1896 when the highest court in the land reached a decision with far-reaching and devastating implications for Black Americans. With Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court gave its approval to ‘separate but equal’ public facilities for different racial groups. The historical narrative mobilized by Reconstruction crashed headlong into a stubborn wall of opposition fueled by Southern angry and a backlash to advances made by the formerly enslaved.
Justice Harlan added, “In my opinion, the judgment this day rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott Case” (referencing the controversial 1852 decision about slavery).
History of Plessy v. Ferguson
The Plessy case began in 1892 in Louisiana which had a “Separate Car Act”. Railroads operating in Louisiana were required to have ‘equal but separate’ accommodations for Black and white passengers, and passengers were not allowed to enter any other space than the one to which they were assigned based on race. A group of Creole professionals in New Orleans decided to challenge the law and formed The Citizens Committee to Test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Act.
They chose Homer Plessy as the test case. Plessy was seven-eighths white and one-eighth Black. Plessy purchased a ticket for travel within the state of Louisiana and took a seat in the white accommodations. He was arrested and charged with violating the Separate Car Act.
Plessy v. Ferguson became the standard for all discrimination cases. And, it was the law of the land until 1954. Ironically, the railroad played a pivotal role in a case that changed the course of history, again, for Black America.
Two Sisters, One Supreme Court Case
Linda Brown and her little sister lived in Topeka, Kansas in the 1950s. Each morning they walked through a railroad switchyard to reach the bus stop for a ride to their all-Black school. There was a white school much closer to their home, but they were not allowed to attend it. The Brown family decided to sue.
The Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that state laws establishing ‘separate but equal’ in public places were unconstitutional.
Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote, “We conclude that the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” The law that had been on the books since Spring 1896 no longer stood in America. It was then the fight began to convert law into everyday life.
In Arkansas a formerly all-Black school, Ouachita County Training School, has launched a national fundraising effort to restore the campus following its designation as a site on the National Register of Historic Places. One of the first corporate donations to OCTS, located in Bearden, Arkansas, came from the Katherine Anthony Foundation.
Anthony’s nephew, Steve, and CEO of Anthony Timberlands, presented a $10,000 check to the historic committee.
“We are happy to support the work of the Greater Bradley District Association and the Ouachita County Training School committee in their efforts to maintain the infrastructure and grounds of the training school, which is such an important part of the Bearden community,” Anthony said.
The National Park Service listed OCTS on the prestigious register in 2023.
“Since we received the news, we have been excited and motivated to raise the fund necessary to preserve this part of our history!” Virginia Ashley, committee president said. “We recognize the pivotal role OCTS played in educating several generations of young people who started right here and went on to contribute greatly to the Black middle class and the world.”
The gift of education
For education advocates, December holds a special place in American history. During the Christmas Season in 1952, the Supreme Court first heard arguments to eliminate segregation in the nation’s public schools. But, it took two more years before the Court issued its landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education, declaring segregation unconstitutional.
During the 1950s, OCTS educated Black students in the small southern town south of Little Rock, which became known internationally for The Little Rock Nine and their efforts to integrate Central High School. In Bearden, several Rosenwald Schools had consolidated to create the larger OCTS campus that educated students from the first through the 12th grades.
“I have such wonderful memories of my days as a student at OCTS,” recalled Pearlie Newton, a retired educator and executive director of the OCTS historic committee. “My dad helped pour concrete at the campus, my husband and I met there and it was in one of the classrooms that my goal to become an educator took shape.”
Despite the Supreme Court’s 1954 decision eliminating “separate but equal” schools, OCTS remained segregated until 1971 when it merged with the white school district in the area. An association of Black Baptist churches known as the Greater Bradley District Association purchased the campus for use as its headquarters.
Pastor and Association Moderator, Verna Thompson, said, “We are excited about the renovation and look forward to holding our church services and meetings in a modernized facility that holds so much historic significance.”
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