Black History
‘I Will Persevere’: The Journey Of Two African American Female Astronauts
The rigorous preparation required to become one of NASA’s astronauts is well-documented, requiring great mental and physical strength. Thousands apply for one of the few coveted positions, and Jeannette Epps and Joan Higginbotham earned one of them. While Higginbotham – the third African American woman to go into space — has retired, NASA announced in 2017 that Epps would become the first African American woman to travel to the International Space Station where she would conduct research with far-reaching implications.
“Granted that the research that I’ll do is not my very own research, but I will be the hands and the eyes for the researchers here on the ground,” Epps explained. “And so as we get closer and closer to flight, we’ll learn more details about the different experiments that we’ll conduct on board the space station.”
Despite NASA’s announcement five years ago, Epps has not been to the ISS. In Oct. 2021 during a webinar hosted by Links, Incorporated – an African American women’s service organization that counts both women as members – Epps spoke enthusiastically about the work she anticipates doing while living on board the ISS.
Epps mentioned, “There’s been a lot of research done on rodents. A lot of the individual things that we do with the rodents are to help mitigate, for example, osteoporosis in human beings. That’s one of the major research items that came out of some of the studies of the international space station.”
Epps began to dream of a career in space after an older brother looked at her report card and remarked that she should consider becoming an aerospace engineer. The seed had been planted. In college she majored in Physics and completed her master’s degree and Ph.D. in aerospace engineering.
She worked at Ford for two years as a researcher before the CIA recruited Epps as an analyst in the weapons nonproliferation group where she studied aircraft from other countries. Finally, she thought the time had come to apply to NASA. She did so in 2008 and was selected from a pool of 3,500 candidates.
Joan Higginbotham’s Russian Experience
During the virtual event, Higginbotham talked about her NASA journey and recounted an experience training with Russian cosmonauts.
The Chicago native said, “My classmates and I were some of the first astronauts to train with the Russian cosmonauts in Russia, and it was quite an eye-opening experience being an African American woman in Russia where someone like me wasn’t a common occurrence. And having women train with all the male Russian cosmonauts wasn’t that common either.”
One incident served as a stark reminder of the cultural and gender chasm she had traversed.
“There was an incident where we were training in Russia … and I needed to go to the restroom and there were no women’s restrooms in the training facility,” Higginbotham shared. “So, I had to use the men’s restroom while my translator guarded the door for me.”
For Black women who have excelled in one of the last bastions of white male dominance, Epps and Higginbotham have discovered core strengths essential to achieving.
“What I learned about me throughout this journey of becoming an astronaut is that I am determined, and I will persevere,” she stated. “It was pretty devastating to me when I was not selected as an astronaut on my first attempt because I had come too close, and it would have been really easy to let that setback prevent me from any type of forward progress. But I was really determined to do everything that I could do in my power that would give me the best chance of being selected to be an astronaut so, therefore, [I decided to go] back to school and I persevered.”
Black History
First Black Manhattan District Attorney Wins Historic Felony Convictions Against Donald Trump
Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg led the investigation that resulted in the first felony conviction of a former United States President, Donald Trump. Bragg’s case centered on the hush money paid to Stormy Daniels, a porn actor who said she and Trump had sex in 2006. The trial involved charges that Trump falsified business records to cover up the payment to Daniels.
“While this defendant may be unlike any other in American history, we arrived at this trial and ultimately today at this verdict in the same manner as every other case that comes to the courtroom doors,” Bragg said during a press conference after the jury’s verdict was announced. “By following the facts and the law and doing so without fear or favor.”
Trump and his Republican supporters have accused Bragg of “weaponizing” the judicial system.
“This was a disgrace,” Trump said. “This was a rigged trial by a conflicted judge who was corrupt as a rigged trial, a disgrace. The real verdict is going to be November 5th by the people. And they know what happened here and everybody knows what happened here.”
Who is Alvin Bragg
In 2021, Bragg became the first African American elected as the District Attorney for New York County covering Manhattan. He graduated from Harvard Law School and has served as an Assistant Attorney General at the New York State Attorney General’s Office and as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. Bragg is a former member of the Board of Directors of the New York Urban League and the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and a Sunday School teacher at his church.
Political Science professor, Sekou Franklin, said, “Bragg took a big risk bringing the case against former President Donald Trump. Undoubtedly, this risk is both personal and political. Despite this challenge, his willingness to prosecute Trump took great courage.”
Trump’s litany of indictments started when he left office in 2020 after losing the White House to President Joe Biden. Charges of Trump’s attempts to overthrow the 2020 election continue to generate investigations and outrage. African American prosecutors have led three of the most significant cases.
In Georgia, Trump was indicted, along with 18 of his allies, for attempting to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis brought the charges; however, the case became overshadowed by controversy when Willis was accused of hiring Nathan Wade as the special prosecutor because she was in a romantic relationship with him. Judge Scott McAfee declined to disqualify Willis, a decision Trump and his team are challenging.
Earlier this year New York State Attorney General Letitia James handed Trump a defeat after a New York judge ordered him and his business trust to pay $453.5 million in penalties and interest as part of his civil fraud case. The judge ruled that Trump fraudulently inflated the value of his real estate holdings when applying for loans.
But the latest convictions on 34 felony counts against the former President known for his boundary-breaking is historic.
“Alvin Bragg represents the new wave of prosecutors who have strong ties to public impact and community lawyering,” said Franklin, a professor at Middle Tennessee State. “Many of these prosecutors were elected as a result of protests that targeted racialized violence by law enforcement.”
Trump has described James, Willis and Bragg as “racists” – a thinly veiled attempt to tap into a vein of ingrained racism in the nation. The Republican Party lamented the convictions, decrying the trial as a political attack and a “shameful” day in American history.
Democrats view the convictions as an opportunity to sharpen their arguments that Trump is unfit to lead the nation domestically or represent America globally.
Trump faces up to four years in prison. His sentencing is set for July 11 – days before the start of the Republican National Convention.
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